Focus on Key Technology Areas, Industrial Landscape and Development Paths
聚焦关键技术领域、产业格局与发展路径
Introduction
With the increasing global concern about climate change, Europe is striving for sustainable development through net-zero technologies. However, EU member States face fierce international competition and policy coordination challenges in the field of net-zero technology manufacturing.
“The Net-Zero manufacturing industry landscape across Member States” report, (recently released by Directorate General for Energy, Energy Platform Task Force, ECORYS), evaluates the development of key net-zero technology manufacturing in EU member States to support EU policy formulation and implementation. Covering eight major technology areas, it uses data analysis, research, and stakeholder consultations to analyze the EU’s net-zero manufacturing landscape, opportunities, and challenges. This newsletter will share the key findings of the report and assesses the impact on overseas enterprises in the European market.
引言
随着全球对气候变化的关注度日益增加，欧洲正通过净零排放技术努力实现可持续发展。然而，欧盟成员国在净零排放技术制造业领域面临着激烈的国际竞争以及政策协调方面的挑战。
《各成员国的净零排放制造业格局》报告（由欧盟委员会能源总司、能源平台特别工作组、埃科瑞斯咨询公司（ECORYS）近期发布），对欧盟成员国关键净零排放技术制造业的发展情况进行了评估，以支持欧盟的政策制定与实施。该报告涵盖了八大技术领域，运用数据分析、研究以及与利益相关方的磋商，对欧盟的净零排放制造业格局、机遇和挑战进行了分析。本通讯将分享该报告的关键研究结果，并评估其对欧洲市场上的海外企业的影响。
Main Contents
Manufacturing Landscape Mapping
– Overall Situation: According to the report, the EU has established itself as a leader and competitive force in wind energy and heat pumps but depends on third parties for key technologies such as solar PV and lithium-ion batteries. The manufacturing capabilities of electrolyzers and biomethane technologies are growing but they still need to enhance the market maturity.
主要内容
制造业格局梳理
– 总体情况：根据该报告，欧盟已在风能和热泵领域确立了自身的领先地位和竞争力，但在太阳能光伏和锂离子电池等关键技术方面依赖第三方。电解槽和生物甲烷技术的制造能力正在提升，但仍需提高市场成熟度。
– Details of each technology area
Solar PV industry: Germany remains the EU’s most important producer, followed by Italy, France, Austria, and Spain.
Wind energy: In the EU, manufacturing is concentrated in a few EU countries with Germany and Denmark hosting major wind turbine manufacturers, and Spain being a large producer, especially in tower capacity (around 50% of EU total).
Battery: Germany, Poland and Hungary hold the largest shares of manufacturing capacities in batteries with France and Sweden also producing on a large scale.
Heat pump: Germany, Sweden and Denmark are key locations.
Electrolyser: More than half of the European electrolyser manufacturing is located in Germany, with Denmark,
Belgium, Portugal, Italy, Spain and France providing the remaining capacity.
Grif infrastructure: Europe’s industrial production capacities are concentrated in countries such as Italy, Sweden and Germany.
The CCS value chain in Europe is still under development with large-scale industrial production facilities yet to be established.
Biogas and biomethane: Germany and Italy are significant hubs for biogas technology manufacturing, while Czechia, Poland, and Spain also are large players in various industrial components.
– 各技术领域详情
太阳能光伏产业：德国仍是欧盟最重要的生产国，其次是意大利、法国、奥地利和西班牙。
风能领域：在欧盟，制造业集中在少数几个欧盟国家，德国和丹麦拥有主要的风力涡轮机制造商，西班牙是一个生产大国，尤其是在塔筒产能方面（约占欧盟总量的50%）。
电池领域：德国、波兰和匈牙利在电池制造产能方面占比最大，法国和瑞典也有大规模的生产。
热泵领域：德国、瑞典和丹麦是关键产地。
电解槽领域：欧洲超过一半的电解槽制造产能位于德国，丹麦、比利时、葡萄牙、意大利、西班牙和法国提供了其余的产能。
电网基础设施领域：欧洲的工业生产产能集中在意大利、瑞典和德国等国家。
欧洲的碳捕集与封存（CCS）价值链仍在发展中，大规模的工业生产设施尚未建立。
沼气和生物甲烷领域：德国和意大利是沼气技术制造的重要中心，而捷克、波兰和西班牙在各种工业组件方面也是重要的参与者。
Policy Framework and Recommendations
– Regulatory Framework: Most member States have formulated relevant policies, but few of them targeting net-zero manufacturing. Moreover, the permitting procedures are complex and time-consuming. Some countries simplify the procedures (such as Italy and France) through measures such as one-stop services, but an overall coordination across the EU would facilitate the process.
– Support Measures: There are diverse incentive schemes, mainly in the form of grants. Germany and France have made significant investments, but the support levels vary across different technology areas. Some countries also have tax and finance measures like France’s tax credit policy.
– Skills and Education Policies: The EU is expected to need a large number of skilled workers in battery, solar PV, and hydrogen energy in the next few years. Currently, efforts have been made to cultivate them through various channels, but there’s still a large gap between demand and offer. Each country is also actively formulating relevant skills training policies, focusing on addressing labor shortages in key technology areas.
政策框架与建议
-监管框架：大多数成员国都制定了相关政策，但其中专门针对净零排放制造业的政策却寥寥无几。此外，审批程序复杂且耗时。一些国家（如意大利和法国）通过一站式服务等措施简化了程序，但如果能在整个欧盟范围内进行全面协调，将会使审批流程更加顺畅。
-支持措施：存在多种激励机制，主要以拨款的形式呈现。德国和法国已进行了大量投资，但不同技术领域所获得的支持力度有所不同。一些国家还采取了税收和金融措施，比如法国的税收抵免政策。
-技能与教育政策：预计在未来几年，欧盟在电池、太阳能光伏和氢能领域将需要大量技术熟练的工人。目前，已通过各种渠道努力培养这类人才，但供需之间仍存在较大差距。每个国家也都在积极制定相关的技能培训政策，重点解决关键技术领域的劳动力短缺问题。
Opportunities, Bottlenecks, and Obstacle Analysis
– SWOT Assessment Results: Solar photovoltaics face problems such as trade deficits and weak cost competitiveness; onshore and offshore wind power are troubled by permitting and standardization issues; battery and energy storage technologies have raw material dependencies and price competition; heat pump and geothermal energy technologies face challenges in demand and labor; electrolyzer and fuel cell technologies have immature markets and rely on critical raw materials; sustainable biogas and biomethane technologies are restricted by permitting and costs; carbon capture and storage technologies have insufficient investment and lack of public acceptance; grid technologies face labor and raw material supply problems.
– Cross-Sector Key Challenges: Slow deployment, raw material risks, labor shortages, and international competition pressures, are the key issues which affect the development of various net-zero technologies to varying degrees.
机遇、瓶颈与障碍分析
-优势、劣势、机会和威胁（SWOT）评估结果：太阳能光伏发电面临贸易逆差和成本竞争力薄弱等问题；陆上和海上风力发电受审批和标准化问题的困扰；电池和储能技术存在对原材料的依赖以及价格竞争问题；热泵和地热能技术在需求和劳动力方面面临挑战；电解槽和燃料电池技术市场不成熟且依赖关键原材料；可持续沼气和生物甲烷技术受到审批和成本方面的限制；碳捕集与封存技术投资不足且缺乏公众认可；电网技术面临劳动力和原材料供应问题。
-跨行业关键挑战：部署速度缓慢、原材料风险、劳动力短缺以及国际竞争压力，这些都是在不同程度上影响各类净零排放技术发展的关键问题。
Policy Recommendations
- Strengthen the implementation of Net-Zero Industry Act (NZIA): It is recommended that member States set up single contact points, simplify permitting procedures, and enhance administrative capacity to accelerate the development of the net-zero technology manufacturing industry.
- Leverage EU and national strengths: It is recommended that member states focus on specific technology fields based on their own advantages and enhance their competitiveness through standardization and innovation.
- Stimulate private investment: It is recommended to integrate EU and national funds, establish guarantee mechanisms and flexible financing tools to attract private investment into the net-zero technology field.
- Harness the EU’s sustainability leadership: It is recommended to enhance the sustainability competitiveness of EU products through tools such as public procurement, carbon footprint declarations and digital product passports.
政策建议
-加强《净零产业法案》（NZIA）的实施：建议各成员国设立单一联络点，简化审批程序，并提升行政能力，以加速净零排放技术制造业的发展。
-发挥欧盟及各国的优势：建议各成员国基于自身优势，聚焦特定技术领域，并通过标准化和创新提升自身竞争力。
-激发私人投资：建议整合欧盟和各国的资金，建立担保机制和灵活的融资工具，以吸引私人投资进入净零排放技术领域。
-利用欧盟在可持续发展方面的领导地位：建议通过公共采购、碳足迹声明和数字产品护照等工具，提升欧盟产品在可持续发展方面的竞争力。
Impact on Not-European Enterprises
– Market Competition: In areas such as solar PV and batteries, overseas enterprises, especially the Chinese ones, currently occupy a large share of the global market and have a cost advantage. The EU may boost local firms’ competitiveness, in some specific sectors, increasing the competition for Not-EU enterprises and potentially affecting exports to some extent.
– Supply Chain Cooperation: With the EU’s emphasis on the stability and sustainability of the supply chain in the net-zero technology industry, the standards and requirements for the supply chain may increase. Not-EU enterprises need to pay attention to and adapt to these changes, and strengthen their capabilities in sustainable development and quality management. For example, they need to improve and perfect environmental standards and product traceability according to EU requirements to maintain cooperation with EU enterprises.
– Technological Innovation: There are potential cooperation opportunities for technology cooperation and sharing with EU enterprises, promoting global net-zero technology development.
对非欧洲企业的影响
-市场竞争：在太阳能光伏和电池等领域，海外企业，尤其是中国企业，目前在全球市场中占据较大份额，且具有成本优势。欧盟可能会提升本土企业在某些特定领域的竞争力，这会加剧非欧盟企业面临的竞争，并且在一定程度上可能会影响到非欧盟企业的出口。
-供应链合作：随着欧盟对净零排放技术产业供应链的稳定性和可持续性的重视，对供应链的标准和要求可能会提高。非欧盟企业需要关注并适应这些变化，同时加强自身在可持续发展和质量管理方面的能力。例如，它们需要根据欧盟的要求完善环境标准和产品追溯体系，以维持与欧盟企业的合作关系。
-技术创新：与欧盟企业在技术合作与共享方面存在潜在的合作机会，这有助于推动全球净零排放技术的发展。
Conclusion
Although the EU has certain advantages in net-zero manufacturing, it also faces many challenges.
By implementing a series of policy recommendations, it is expected to enhance the industrial competitiveness and promote the development of the net-zero technology manufacturing industry, so as to achieve the EU’s climate neutrality goal. Each member State shall cooperate synergistically and continue to make efforts in policy implementation, resource integration, technological innovation, and talent cultivation to promote the sustainable development and growth of the net-zero manufacturing industry. The changes of policy framework in the EU are influencing Not EU enterprises, particularly the Chinese one’s going global and also affecting the development of the world’s green landscape. The existing landscape also points out the direction for the development of the future path.
结论
尽管欧盟在净零排放制造业方面具有一定优势，但它也面临着诸多挑战。
通过实施一系列政策建议，有望提升产业竞争力，并推动净零排放技术制造业的发展，从而实现欧盟的气候中和目标。每个成员国都应协同合作，继续在政策实施、资源整合、技术创新和人才培养等方面努力，以促进净零排放制造业的可持续发展和增长。欧盟政策框架的变化正在影响着非欧盟企业，尤其是中国企业的国际化进程，同时也对全球绿色发展格局的演变产生影响。现有的格局也为未来的发展路径指明了方向。
Declaration: This article is for reference only. For specific information, please refer to the official website of the European Union.For more information, please read the Original Report.
声明：本文仅供参考，具体信息以欧盟官方网站为准。更多信息请阅读原文查看。
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